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J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 2022, Volume 13, Issue xx, Page xxxx-xxxx
HYPERLINK "http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com" http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com
Journal of Materials and
Environmental Science
ISSN : 2028-2508
e-ISSN : 2737-890X
CODEN : JMESCN
Copyright 2022,
University of Mohammed Premier
Oujda Morocco
Production of Hybrid Biochar by Retort-Heating of Elephant Grass for Waste Management and Product Development
A. G. Author1*, J. O. Author 1,2**, D. V. Author1, A. O. Author 1
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of xxxx, Bity, P.M.B.1515, Country
2Department of Chemical Engineering, Jilali University, P. M. B. 5025, New Caty, Country
*Corresponding author, Email address:
**Corresponding author, Email address:
1. Introduction
Solid waste management a major challenge of the 21st century due to increasing population, urbanisation and lifestyle changes due to technological development ADDIN EN.CITE Hoornweg2012936[1]9369366Hoornweg, DanielBhada-Tata, PerinazWhat a waste: a global review of solid waste management152012World Bank, Washington, DC[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Hoornweg, 2012 #936" 1]. This problem is even more pronounced in developing countries such as Nigeria where solid waste management is a major concern ADDIN EN.CITE Amasuomo20153844[2]3844384417Amasuomo, EbikapadeTuoyo, Omagbemi Jessica AghoghoHasnain, Syed AliAnalysis of public participation in sustainable waste management practice in Abuja, NigeriaEnvironmental Management and Sustainable DevelopmentEnvironmental Management and Sustainable Development1804120152164-7682[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Amasuomo, 2015 #3844" 2,3]. With increasing global change pressures coupled with existing un-sustainability factors, cities in developing countries are most likely to experience difficulties in efficiently managing municipal solid wastes. Municipal solid waste management constitutes one of the most crucial health and environmental problem facing African cities ADDIN EN.CITE Abila20133796[4]3796379610Abila, BeatriceKantola, JussiMunicipal solid waste management problems in Nigeria: Evolving knowledge management solutionProceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology292782013World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET)1307-6884[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Abila, 2013 #3796" 4]. Most cities spend 20-50% of their annual budget on solid waste management ADDIN EN.CITE Adelodun3142[5]3142314217Adelodun, Adedeji A.Adeniyi, Adewale G.Ighalo, Joshua O.Onifade, Damilola V.Arowoyele, Lois T.Thermochemical conversion of oil palm Fiber-LDPE hybrid waste into biocharBiofuels, Bioproducts and BiorefiningBiofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefiningn/an/a1932-104Xhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bbb.213010.1002/bbb.2130[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_5" \o "Adelodun, #3142" 5] and only 20-80% of the waste is collected ADDIN EN.CITE Ayuba20133846[6]3846384617Ayuba, Kadafa AdatiManaf, Latifah AbdSabrina, Abdullah HoAzmin, Sulaiman Wan NurCurrent status of municipal solid waste management practise in FCT AbujaResearch Journal of Environmental and Earth SciencesResearch Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences295-3045620132041-0492[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Ayuba, 2013 #3846" 6]. The waste density ranged from 280 to 370 kg/m3 and the waste generation rates ranged from 0.44 to 0.66 kg/capita/day ADDIN EN.CITE Ogwueleka20093847[7]3847384717Ogwueleka, TMunicipal solid waste characteristics and management in NigeriaJournal of Environmental Health Science & EngineeringJournal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering173-180632009[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_7" \o "Ogwueleka, 2009 #3847" 7]. Pyrolysis is a way to utilise the carbon in plants before it can become a meal for eaters and return it to the soil as pure carbon biochar ADDIN EN.CITE Ighalo20207116[8]7116711617Ighalo, Joshua O.Adeniyi, Adewale GeorgeAn In Silico Temperature Sensitivity Study of the Pyrolysis of Beech, Ailanthus and SpruceEuropean Journal of Sustainable Development ResearchEuropean Journal of Sustainable Development Research1-7442020http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/8407[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_8" \o "Ighalo, 2020 #7116" 8]. Pyrolysis mimics the natural process that turned ancient plants into coal: When biomass is heated up with no oxygen supply it melts into carbon, syngas and bio-oil ADDIN EN.CITE Blakeslee20093848[9]3848384817Blakeslee, Thomas RBiochar: The Key to Carbon-Negative BiofuelsRenewable Energy WorldRenewable Energy World200942009[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_9" \o "Blakeslee, 2009 #3848" 9]. Almost the same solutions are proffered to management of LDPE which include biodegradation in a solid waste medium ADDIN EN.CITE Zahra20103849[10]3849384917Zahra, SahebnazarAbbas, Shojaosadati SeyedMahsa, Mohammad-TaheriMohsen, NosratiBiodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by isolated fungi in solid waste mediumWaste managementWaste Management396-40130320100956-053X[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_10" \o "Zahra, 2010 #3849" 10], pyrolysis, gasification and carbonisation.
In this study, elephant grass (Pennisetum Purpureum) was co-carbonised with low density polyethylene (LDPE) to produce hybrid biochar in a top-lit updraft biomass conversion reactor using the method described by ... In the method, an updraft gasifier with retort heating was used. The goal of the process is two-pronged. Firstly, the management of plastic wastes. Secondly is the energy conservation from the plastic and the readily available biomass to produce valuable products.
2. Methodology
2.1 Sourcing and preparation of
Dried sample of These were also locally sourced.
2.2 Experiments
Details of experiments are exactly as those described in previous reports ADDIN EN.CITE Adeniyi201963[17, 18]636317Adeniyi, Adewale GeorgeIghalo, Joshua OOnifade, Damilola VictoriaProduction of biochar from elephant grass (Pernisetum purpureum) using an updraft biomass gasifier with retort heatingBiofuelsBiofuels2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1554949Adeniyi201927522752275217Adeniyi, Adewale GeorgeIghalo, Joshua OOnifade, Damilola VictoriaProduction of Bio-char from Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) fibers using an Updraft Biomass Gasifier with Retort HeatingCombustion science and technologyCombustion science and technology2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2019.1650269[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Adeniyi, 2019 #63" 17, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_18" \o "Adeniyi, 2019 #2752" 18]. The biomass conversion was conducted in the 48.5 cm high reactor with full dimensions and schematics provided elsewhere ADDIN EN.CITE Adeniyi201963[17]636317Adeniyi, Adewale GeorgeIghalo, Joshua OOnifade, Damilola VictoriaProduction of biochar from elephant grass (Pernisetum purpureum) using an updraft biomass gasifier with retort heatingBiofuelsBiofuels2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1554949[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Adeniyi, 2019 #63" 17]. The hybrid co-conversion of biomass and plastic was conducted in the 53 cm high reactor with full dimensions and schematics provided elsewhere ADDIN EN.CITE Adeniyi20192752[18]2752275217Adeniyi, Adewale GeorgeIghalo, Joshua OOnifade, Damilola VictoriaProduction of Bio-char from Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) fibers using an Updraft Biomass Gasifier with Retort HeatingCombustion science and technologyCombustion science and technology2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2019.1650269[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_18" \o "Adeniyi, 2019 #2752" 18].
The reactors consist of a centrally oriented conversion chamber within its set-up and possessing several small air holes at the base. The chamber houses the feed to be converted while the combustion fuel for heat generation occupies the heating gap between the chamber and the reactor itself.
2.3 Product characterisation
The products (biomass biochar and hybrid biochar) recovered from the process were characterised to ascertain some of their properties using Scanning Electron Microscope with energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, Phenom proX, Phenom-World BV, Netherlands) was used to study the surface morphology of the particles of the biochar. A double adhesive was placed on a sample stub. The sample was sprinkled on the sample stub and subsequently taken to a sputter coater (quorum-Q150R Plus E) and coated with 5 nm of gold. The sample was placed on a charge reduction sample holder and introduced into the column of the SEM machine. It was firstly viewed with a NavCam before being sent to SEM mode. The acceleration voltage of the microscope was set to 15 kV and magnification at 1000 1500. FTIR (Shimadzu, FTIR-8400S, Japan) was used to determine the functional groups and complexes present in both biochar samples. The surface area, pore volume and size of the chars were measured. The surface properties of the char samples were studied using a Multipoint BET surface area and the DR (DubininRadushkevic) method for the pore volume and width (diameter). The chars were characterized by N2 adsorption test at 77 K. 100 ml/min of dry nitrogen was introduced into the sample tube to prevent contamination of the clean surface, then the sample tube was removed and the sample weighed. The sample tube was fixed to the volumetric apparatus, and then the sample was evacuated to 2 Pa pressure. Adsorbate was introduced to give the lowest desired relative pressure, and then the volume adsorbed was measured.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Temperature profile
Temperature readings were taken at the various points Tb, Tm, Tt, and Ti for each of the reactor at a time interval of 10 minutes to generate a temperature profile along the time of carbonisation. Tb, Tm, Tt, and Ti represents temperatures at the bottom (side), middle (side), top (side) and within the reactors respectively. The initial set of temperature measurements was done before ignition and the final set was done when the system had come into equilibrium with atmospheric conditions.
Figure 1a. Temperature profile for biomass conversion
Figure 1b. Temperature profile for hybrid co-conversion
3.2 Product yield
The bio-char yield for both processes was computed using the system of equations in Eqn. 3 ADDIN EN.CITE Adeniyi201963[17, 18]636317Adeniyi, Adewale GeorgeIghalo, Joshua OOnifade, Damilola VictoriaProduction of biochar from elephant grass (Pernisetum purpureum) using an updraft biomass gasifier with retort heatingBiofuelsBiofuels2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1554949Adeniyi201927522752275217Adeniyi, Adewale GeorgeIghalo, Joshua OOnifade, Damilola VictoriaProduction of Bio-char from Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) fibers using an Updraft Biomass Gasifier with Retort HeatingCombustion science and technologyCombustion science and technology2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2019.1650269[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_18" \o "Adeniyi, 2019 #2752" 18].
QUOTE Eqn. 1
QUOTE Eqn. 3
Where M1 = mass of conversion chamber + Feed (in grams), M2 = mass of conversion chamber (in grams), M3 = .summarised in Table 1.
Table 1. Summary of reactor performance
IndexBiomass conversionHybrid co-conversion
The biomass biochar yield of 13.8 wt% (at 371oC peak temperature) in this study is similar to the 14.29 wt% (at 300oC peak temperature) obtained for the same feedstock in a previous investigation ADDIN EN.CITE Adeniyi201963[17]636317Adeniyi, Adewale GeorgeIghalo, Joshua OOnifade, Damilola VictoriaProduction of biochar from elephant grass (Pernisetum purpureum) using an updraft biomass gasifier with retort heatingBiofuelsBiofuels2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1554949[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Adeniyi, 2019 #63" 17].. This was confirmed by the EDS results.
3.3 Product composition
The composition of the products was determined using Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The spectrums are shown in Figures 2a-b and the results summarised in Table 2. The only major component missing is Hydrogen. From the results in Table 2, it can be observed that the hybrid
Table 2. Major elemental composition of the biomass and hybrid biochar
S/NElement Biomass BiocharHybrid BiocharAtomic Conc.Weight Conc.Atomic Conc.Weight Conc.1Carbon74.1357.7986.8975.462Silicon9.6317.551.953.953Potassium4.1710.573.469.794Oxygen9.579.944.595.315Nitrogen0.850.781.261.276Chlorine0.380.890.501.297Calcium0.260.670.250.728Aluminum0.330.570.260.509Phosphorus0.260.520.260.5810Magnesium0.260.400.280.5011Sulfur0.120.240.190.4412Sodium0.060.080.110.18
Figure 2a. EDS spectrum for biomass biochar
Figure 2b. EDS spectrum for hybrid biochar
3.4 Biochar surface morphology
The surface morphology of the products was determined using SEM. Figures 3a-b and 4a-b shows the SEM micrographs of the (see Table 2).
Figure 3. SEM micrograph of biochar, at (a) 1000 and (c) 1500
Figure 4. SEM micrograph of hybrid biochar, at (a) 1000 and (c) 1500
3.5 Biochar functional groups
Table 3 shows the functional groups of raw .correspond to the alkoxyl (C-OH) group ADDIN EN.CITE Yamaguchi20163415[25]3415341517Yamaguchi, Natlia UedaBergamasco, RosngelaHamoudi, SafiaMagnetic MnFe2O4graphene hybrid composite for efficient removal of glyphosate from waterChemical Engineering JournalChemical Engineering Journal391-40229520161385-8947[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_25" \o "Yamaguchi, 2016 #3415" 25].
Table 3. Summary of observed peaks and assignments
References ADDIN EN.CITE Adeniyi201963[17]636317Adeniyi, Adewale GeorgeIghalo, Joshua OOnifade, Damilola VictoriaProduction of biochar from elephant grass (Pernisetum purpureum) using an updraft biomass gasifier with retort heatingBiofuelsBiofuels2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1554949[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Adeniyi, 2019 #63" 17] ADDIN EN.CITE Elnour20193853[23, 25]3853385317Elnour, Ahmed YAlghyamah, Abdulaziz AShaikh, Hamid MPoulose, Anesh MAl-Zahrani, Saeed MAnis, ArfatAl-Wabel, Mohammad IEffect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Microstructural Evolution, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Its Influence on Biochar/Polypropylene CompositesApplied SciencesApplied Sciences1149962019Yamaguchi201634153415341517Yamaguchi, Natlia UedaBergamasco, RosngelaHamoudi, SafiaMagnetic MnFe2O4graphene hybrid composite for efficient removal of glyphosate from waterChemical Engineering JournalChemical Engineering Journal391-40229520161385-8947[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_23" \o "Elnour, 2019 #3853" 23, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_25" \o "Yamaguchi, 2016 #3415" 25] ADDIN EN.CITE Gunatilake20163854[22]3854385417Gunatilake, Sunethra KanthiRemoval of Cr (III) Ions from Wastewater using Sawdust and Rice Husk Biochar Pyrolyzed at Low TemperatureInternational Journal of Innovation Education and ResearchInternational Journal of Innovation Education and Research4420162411-2933[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_22" \o "Gunatilake, 2016 #3854" 22] ADDIN EN.CITE Elnour20193853[22, 23]3853385317Elnour, Ahmed YAlghyamah, Abdulaziz AShaikh, Hamid MPoulose, Anesh MAl-Zahrani, Saeed MAnis, ArfatAl-Wabel, Mohammad IEffect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Microstructural Evolution, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Its Influence on Biochar/Polypropylene CompositesApplied SciencesApplied Sciences1149962019Gunatilake201638543854385417Gunatilake, Sunethra KanthiRemoval of Cr (III) Ions from Wastewater using Sawdust and Rice Husk Biochar Pyrolyzed at Low TemperatureInternational Journal of Innovation Education and ResearchInternational Journal of Innovation Education and Research4420162411-2933[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_22" \o "Gunatilake, 2016 #3854" 22, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_23" \o "Elnour, 2019 #3853" 23] ADDIN EN.CITE Zhang20193855[26]3855385517Zhang, ChunfangZhang, NingXiao, ZhixingLi, ZhilingZhang, DongdongCharacterization of biochars derived from different materials and their effects on microbial dechlorination of pentachlorophenol in a consortiumRSC advancesRSC Advances917-923922019[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_26" \o "Zhang, 2019 #3855" 26] ADDIN EN.CITE Ebadnejad20183856[27]3856385617Ebadnejad, NRostamina, MValizadeh Kakhki, FBazgir, MChicken-manure biochar as a soil amendment to immobilize and detoxify cadmium and lead in two different soilsChicken-manure biochar as a soil amendment to immobilize and detoxify cadmium and lead in two different soils.Chicken-manure biochar as a soil amendment to immobilize and detoxify cadmium and lead in two different soils.33-4720182283-5431[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_27" \o "Ebadnejad, 2018 #3856" 27] ADDIN EN.CITE Mordini20183857[28]385738576Mordini, CarmeloZanoli, MarcoProceedings of the Event IPSP2017 Industrial Problem Solving with Physics: Trento, July 17th-22nd, 20172018Universit di Trento8884437865[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_28" \o "Mordini, 2018 #3857" 28] ADDIN EN.CITE Adeniyi201963[17]636317Adeniyi, Adewale GeorgeIghalo, Joshua OOnifade, Damilola VictoriaProduction of biochar from elephant grass (Pernisetum purpureum) using an updraft biomass gasifier with retort heatingBiofuelsBiofuels2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1554949[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Adeniyi, 2019 #63" 17]
Figure 5. FTIR spectrum of raw biomass
The peak 1635 cm-1 observed in the biomass spectra which shifted to 1620 cm-1 and 1573 cm-1 in biomass. Retort heating also underlines the usability of the process even in remote locations or in on-site applications ADDIN EN.CITE Ighalo20205775[37]5775577517Ighalo, Joshua OAdeniyi, Adewale GeorgeBiomass to Biochar Conversion for Agricultural and Environmental Applications in Nigeria: Challenges, Peculiarities and ProspectsMaterials InternationalMaterials International111-116222020http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/Materials22.111116[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_37" \o "Ighalo, 2020 #5775" 37].
Conclusion
The co-conversion cost, high biochar yield and no electrical power requirement. The study has been able to successfully achieve the co-conversion of biomass and plastics (as typologies of MSW major components valuable products with a twin goal of waste management and product development.
Acknowledgement
The technical inputs of Mr xxxx of Mechanical Engineering Department are acknowledged.
Disclosure statement: Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Compliance with Ethical Standards: This article does not contain any studies involving human or animal subjects.
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(2022) ; HYPERLINK "http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com" http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com
Author et al., J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 2022, 13(xx), pp. xxxx-xxxx PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 1
Received xx May 2022, Revised xx xxx 2022, Accepted xx xxx 2022
Keywords
Biomaterial
Fuel,
Lipide,
Energy,
Waste.
abcdefg.arb@newfric.edu Phone: +7;
Abstract
In a bid to achieve energy and environmental sustainability research efforts are now being channeled to product development from waste materials especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to convert.
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